PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HERBAL SOAP MADE FROM AVERRHOA BILIMBI LEAF AND FLOS LONICERAE
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Malaysian herbs, Averrhoa Bilimbi, and Flos Lonicerae, are widely known in traditional Chinese medicine. Both are used as natural remedies for jaundice treatment in newborns. Formulating herbal bath soap by the saponification method is proposed because newborn babies are poor feeders. Today, a lot of chemicals are used in soap production. Users will have a wide range of issues due to chemicals like parabens and triclosan. As a result, soap is made from herbs without chemicals. This herbal soap uses two herbs, Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf and Flos Lonicerae. Paper journals examining these herbs’ physicochemical properties are scarce in Malaysia. After the herbal soap has been successfully created, it will be examined for its physicochemical properties. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC), of Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf extract and Flos Lonicerae extract were all tested. The antibacterial activity, heavy metal and pH tests were also validated the suitability of this herbal soap for skin application. According to the findings, Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf extract had a TPC value of 24.49 mg GAE/g compared to 4.96 mg GAE/g for Flos Lonicerae extract. Averrhoa Bilimbi leaf required a slightly higher concentration of 0.0588 g/mL extract to inhibit 50% of the DPPH assay compared to Flos Lonicerae plant extract, which required 0.0315 g/mL. Since there was no evidence of any bacterial growth, the herbal soap was effective against all the tested bacterial strains. The heavy metal test showed the soap does not contain any lead, mercury or arsenic and exhibits a pH value which close to the range for suitable skin application.
Downloads
Article Details
Licensee MJS, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
References
Adigun, O., Manful, C., Prieto Vidal, N., Mumtaz, A., Pham, T. H., Stewart, P., Nadeem, M., Keough, D., & Thomas, R. (2019). Use of natural antioxidants from newfoundland wild berries to improve the shelf life of natural herbal soaps. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 8(11), 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110536
Ahmed, S. I., Hayat, M. Q., Tahir, M., Mansoor, Q., Ismail, M., Keck, K., & Bates, R. B. (2016). Pharmacologically active flavonoids from the anti-cancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial extracts of Cassia angustifolia Vahl. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 16(460), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1443-z
Alhassan, A. M., & Ahmed, Q. U. (2016). Averrhoa bilimbi Linn: A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, hytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Pharmacy & Biollied Sciences. 8(4), 265-271. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.199342
American Cleaning Institute (2019) The science of soap: an introduction to the science of how things get clean. https://www.cleaninginstitute.org/sites/default/files/assets/1/AssetManager/Science ofSoap.pdf
Andreu, L., Nuncio-Jáuregui, N., Carbonell-Barrachina, Á. A., Legua, P., & Hernández, F. (2018). Antioxidant properties and chemical characterization of Spanish Opuntia ficus-indica Mill. cladodes and fruits. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 98, 1566–1573. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8628
Assimakopoulos, S. F., & Vagianos, C. E. (2009). Bile duct ligation in rats: a reliable model of hepatorenal syndrome? World Journal of Gastroenterol. 15. 121.
Aydın, S., Tokaç, M., Taner, G., Arıkök, A. T., Dündar, H. Z., Ozkardeş, A. B., Taşlıpınar, M. Y., Kılıç, M., Başaran, A. A., & Başaran, N. (2013). Antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of lycopene in obstructive jaundice. The Journal of surgical research. 182(2), 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2012.10.031
Ayobami, O. O., Ezekiel, O. A., Doyinsola, D. F., & Lara O. O. (2017). Physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activities of soap formulations containing Senna alata and Eugenia uniflora leaf preparations. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 11(48), 778-787 https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2017.6515
Ayyappan, S., Philip, S., Bharathy, N., Ramesh, V., Kumar, C. N., Swathi, S., & Kumar, A. A. (2015). Antioxidant status in neonatal Jaundice before and after phototherapy. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 7(Suppl 1), S16–S21. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.155766
Bittner Fialová, S., Rendeková, K., Mučaji, P., Nagy, M., & Slobodníková, L. (2021). Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants and their constituents in the context of skin and wound infections, considering European legislation and folk medicine—a review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22(19), 10746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910746
Boo, N. Y., Gan, C. Y., Gian, Y. W., Lim, K. S. L., Lim, M. W, & Krishna-Kumar, H. (2011). Malaysian mothers’ knowledge & practices on care of neonatal Jaundice. Med J Malaysia. 66 (3), 239- 243. PMID 22111448.
Carlsen, M. H., Halvorsen, B. L., Holte, K., Bøhn, S. K., Dragland, S., Sampson, L., Willey, C., Senoo, H., Umezono, Y., Sanada, C., Barikmo, I., Berhe, N., Willett, W. C., Phillips, K. M., Jacobs, D. R., Jr, & Blomhoff, R. (2010). The total antioxidant content of more than 3100 foods, beverages, spices, herbs and supplements used worldwide. Nutrition journal, 9, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-3
Chen, X., Dang, T. T. T., & Facchini, P. J. (2015) Noscapine comes of age. Phytochemistry. 111, 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.008
Cruz, A., Padillo, F. J., Túnez, I., Muñoz, C., Granados, J., Pera-Madrazo, C., & Montilla, P. (2001). Melatonin protects against renal oxidative stress after obstructive Jaundice in rats, Europian Journal of Pharmacology. 425. 135-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(01)01173-6
Dantas, A. V. V. C., Farias, L. J. R., de Paula, S. J., Moreira, R. P., da Silva, V. M., Lopes, M. V. O., & Guedes, N. G. (2018). Nursing diagnosis of neonatal jaundice: study of clinical indicators. J. Pediatric. Nursing. 39, 6–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. pedn.2017.12.001
Dnyaneshwar, M. N., Shekhar, B. Y., Shaijesh, S. W., & Juvekar, R. (2010) Hepatoprotective effect of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in rats. Pharmacologyonline. 3, 1–6.
Dzialo, M., Mierziak, J., Korzun, U., Preisner, M., Szopa, J., & Kulma, A. (2016). The potential of plant phenolics in prevention and therapy of skin disorders. International Journal of Molecular Science. 17(160), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020160
Egube, B. A., Ofili, A. N., Isara, A. R., & Onakewhor, J. U. (2013). Neonatal Jaundice and its management: knowledge, attitude, and practice among expectant mothers attending antenatal clinic at University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 16(2):188-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1119-3077.110147.
Esan, D. T., Muhammad, F., Ogunkorode, A., Obialor, B., & Ramos, C. (2022). Traditional beliefs in the management and prevention of neonatal Jaundice in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Enfermería Clínica (English Edition), 32 Suppl 1, S73-S76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcle.2021.09.006.
Gogoi, J. C., Mohanta, D., & Borah, P. (2010). Hepatoprotective Activity of Averrhoa Carambola, Cajanus Cajan and Paederia Foetida against Acetaminophen and D-Galactosamine Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 9 (2),76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18579/jpcrkc/2010/9/2/79491
Gonzalez-Correa, J. A., De La Cruz, J. P., Martin-Aurioles, E., Lopez-Egea, M. A., Ortiz, P., & Sanchez de la Cuesta, F. (1997). Effects of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on hepatic and renal oxidative stress in an experimental model of acute biliary obstruction in rats. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 26(1), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510260116
Govindan, P., & Muthukrishnan, S. (2013). Evaluation of total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity of Boerhavia erecta. Journal of Acute Medicine, 3(3), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacme.2013.06.003.
Greig, J. D., Krukowski, Z. H., & Matheson, N. A. (1988). Surgical morbidity and mortality in one hundred and twenty-nine patients with obstructive jaundice. The British journal of surgery, 75(3), 216–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800750309
Guo, Y. P., Lin, L. G., & Wang, Y. T. (2015). Chemistry and pharmacology of the herb pair Flos Lonicerae japonicae-Forsythiae fructus. Chinese medicine, 10, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-015-0044-y
Hafizuddin A., Siti M. J., Nurul A. W. I., & Zawiyah D. (2019). Determinants of neonatal jaundice among newborns in Pasir Puteh District, Kelantan. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences. 6(6):109-122. https://doi.org/10.32827/ijphcs.6.6.109
Halliwell, B. (1994). Free radicals, antioxidants and human disease: curiosity, cause or consequence? The Lancet. 344. 721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92211-X
Hasanuzzaman, M., Ali, M. R., Hossain, M., Kuri, S., & Islam, M. S. (2013). Evaluation of total phenolic content, free radical scavenging activity and phytochemical screening of different extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi (fruits). International Current Pharmaceutical Journal. 2(4), 92–96. https://doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i4.14058
Horst, R. K. (2013). Honeysuckle (Lonicera). Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook. 909–910. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_2079
Huang, W., Zhang, J., & Moore, D. D. (2004). A traditional herbal medicine enhances bilirubin clearance by activating the nuclear receptor CAR. The Journal of clinical investigation. 113(1), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI18385
Ibrahim, T. A., El-Hefnawy, H. M., & El-Hela, A. A. (2010). Antioxidant potential and phenolic acid content of certain cucurbitaceous plants cultivated in Egypt. Natural product research, 24(16), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.489049
Ismail, S., Marliana, E., & Kosala, K. (2019). Effect of pH increasing of Wuluh Star Fruit (Averrhoa Bilimbi L.) juice on vasodilatation activity. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1277(1), 012017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1277/1/012017
Kaplan, M., Muraca, M., Hammerman, C., Rubaltelli, F. F., Vilei, M. T., Vreman, H. J., & Stevenson, D. K. (2002). Imbalance between production and conjugation of bilirubin: a fundamental concept in the mechanism of neonatal jaundice. Pediatrics. 110(4), e47. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.110.4.e47
Karatepe O., Acet E., Battal, M., Adas, G., Kemik, A., Altiok, M., Kamali, G., Koculu, S., Cagatay, A., Kamali, S., & Karahan, S. (2010). Effects of glutamine and curcumin on bacterial translocation in jaundiced rats. World Journal of Gastroenterol. 16. 4313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i34.4313
Kennedy, T. A., & Liebler, D.C. (1992). Peroxyl radical scavenging by bcarotene in lipid bilayers, World Journal of Gastroenterol. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 267(7). 4658-4663. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42884-0
Kumar, S., & Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: An overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013 (162750), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/162750
Kuo, S. H., Shen, C. J., Shen, C. F., & Cheng, C. M. (2020). Role of pH value in clinically relevant diagnosis. Diagnostics, 10(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10020107
Lan, Wu., Zhaojun, Z., & Zesheng, Z. (2007) Characterization of antioxidant activity of extracts from flos lonicerae. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 33:8, 841-847. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639040701378019.
Li, Y., Li, W., Fu, C., Song, Y., & Fu, Q. (2019). Lonicerae japonicae flos and Lonicerae flos: A systematic review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Phytochemistry Reviews. 19(1), 1–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-019-09655-7
Linqing, W., Hongying, Z., Wenzeng, L., & Kuntao, L. (2011). The study on antiviral effect of chlorogenic acids from Lonicerae japonicas flos and Lonicerae flos on NDV in vitro. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin. vol. 27, no. 19, pp. 277–282.
Lukić, M., Pantelić, I., & Savić, S. D. (2021). Towards optimal pH of the skin and topical formulations: From the current state of the art to tailored products. Cosmetics, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8030069
Meng, X. H., Liu, C., Fan, R., Zhu, L. F., Yang, S. X., Zhu, H.T., Wang, D., Yang, C. R., & Zhang, Y. J., (2018). Antioxidative flavan-3-ol dimers from the leaves of Camellia fangchengensis. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 66, 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04572
Miller, N. J., Sampson, J., Candeias, L.P., Bramley, P. M., Rice-Evans, C. A. (1996). Antioxidant activities of carotenes and xanthophylls, FEBS Letter. 384. 240-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(96)00323-7
Mitra, S., & Rennie, J. (2017). Neonatal Jaundice: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. British. Journal of Hospital Medicine. 78 (12), 699-704. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2017.78.12.699
Novo, C., & Welsh, F. (2017). Jaundice. Surgery. 35 (12), 675-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.09.012
Olusanya, B. O., Osibanjo, F. B., Mabogunje, C. A., Slusher, T. M., & Olowe, S. A. (2016). The burden and management of neonatal Jaundice in Nigeria: a scoping review of the literature. Nigerian Journal Clinical Practice. 19 (1), 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1119-3077.173703.
Othman, A., Mukhtar, N. J., Ismail, N. S., & Chang, S. K. (2014). Phenolics, flavonoids content and antioxidant activities of 4 Malaysian herbal plants. International Food Research Journal. 21(2), 759–766.
Panahandeh, G., Khoshdel, A., Sedehi, M., & Aliakbari, A. (2017). Phytotherapy with Hordeum Vulgare: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Infants with Jaundice. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 11(3), SC16–SC19. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/22177.9586
Paur, I., Carlsen, M. H., Halvorsen, B. L., & Blomhoff, R. (2011). Antioxidants in Herbs and Spices: Roles in Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling. In I. F. F. Benzie (Eds.) et. al., Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. (2nd ed.). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22593932/
Peng, C., Hou, X. (2020). Key points of neonatal jaundice, queensland maternity and neonatal clinical guideline, 2018. Chinese Journal Perinatal Medicine. 23 (4), 285–288. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn113903-20190624-00399
Pincemail, J. (1995). Free radicals and antioxidants in human disease. In: Favier AE, Cadet J, Kalyanaraman B, Fontecave M, Pierre JL, editors. Analysis of free radicals in biological systems. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhauser Verlag. 83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9074-8_7
Qaisiya, M., Coda Zabetta, C. D., Bellarosa, C., & Tiribelli, C. (2014). Bilirubin mediated oxidative stress involves antioxidant response activation via Nrf2 pathway. Cellular Signalling. 26. 512-520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.11.029
Rahman, M. M., Habib, M. R., Hasan, M. A., Al Amin, M., Saha, A., & Mannan, A. (2014). Comparative assessment on in vitro antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi, Gymnema sylvestre and Capsicum frutescens. Pharmacognosy research. 6(1), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.122915
Sachdeva, M., Murki, S., Oleti, T. P., & Kandraju, H. (2015). Intermittent versus continuous phototherapy for the treatment of neonatal non-hemolytic moderate hyperbilirubinemia in infants more than 34 weeks of gestational age: a randomized controlled trial. European journal of pediatrics. 174(2), 177–181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-014-2373-8
Seebaluck-Sandoram, R., Lall, N., Fibrich, B., Blom van Staden, A., Saleem, H., & Mahomoodally, M. F. (2019). Antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic evaluation of two underutilised food plants: Averrhoa Bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae) and Phyllanthus acidus L. Skeels (Phyllanthaceae). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 18, 100998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.036.
Setyawan, H. Y., Sukardi, S., & Nareswari, B. F. (2021). The phytochemical potential of Averrhoa bilimbi - A review. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 733(1). 012091. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/733/1/01209.
Siu, S.L., Chan, L.W., & Kwong, A.N. (2018). Clinical and biochemical characteristics of infants with prolonged neonatal Jaundice. Hong Kong Medical Journal. 24 (3), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.12809/hkmj176990
Sokol, R. J., Devereaux, M., Khandwala, R., & O'Brien, K. (1993). Evidence for involvement of oxygen free radicals in bile acid toxicity to isolated rat hepatocytes. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 17(5), 869–881. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8387948/
Sutrisna E. M., & Tanti A. S., (2015). The combination of belimbing wuluh fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) and leaves of tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus G.) from Indonesia as a candidate hypoglycemic agents and thin layer chromatography profiles. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal. 8(1), 39-46. https://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/580
Tai, F. F. (2001). Neonatal Jaundice- traditional Medicine Approach. Journal of Pennatologi. 98-100.
Talib, W. H., Al-Ataby, I. A., Mahmod, A. I., Jawarneh, S., Al Kury, L. T., & Al-Yasari, I. H. (2020). The impact of herbal infusion consumption on oxidative stress and cancer: the good, the bad, the misunderstood. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 25(18), 4207. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184207
Tang, Y.-R., Zeng, T., Zafar, S., Yuan, H.-W., Li, B., Peng, C.-Y., Wang, S.-C., Jian, Y.-Q., Qin, Y., Choudhary, M. I., & Wang, W. (2018). Lonicerae Flos: A review of chemical constituents and biological activities. Digital Chinese Medicine. 1(2), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2589-3777(19)30022-9
Tewari, D., Mocan, A., Parvanov, E. D., Sah, A. N., Nabavi, S. M., Huminiecki, L., Ma, Z. F., Lee, Y. Y., Horbańczuk, J. O., & Atanasov, A. G. (2017). Ethnopharmacological approaches for therapy of jaundice: part ii. Highly used plant species from acanthacea, asteraceae, combretaceae, and fabaceae families, Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8, 519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00519
Thamizh, S. N., Santhi, P. S., Sanjayakumar, Y. R., Venugopalan, T. N., Vasanthakumar, K. G., & Swamy, G. (2015). Hepatoprotective activity of Averrhoa bilimbi fruit in acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats. J Chem Pharm Res. 2015;7, 535–40.
Thomas, M., Hardikar, W., Greaves, R.F., Tingay, D.G., Loh, T.P., Ignjatovic, V., Newall, F., & Rajapaksa, A.E. (2021). Mechanism of bilirubin elimination in urine: insights and prospects for neonatal Jaundice. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 59, 1025–1033. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-1759
Tokosh, R., & Baig, M. A. (1995). Transparent soap formulations and methods of making same. US Patent 5529714. https://www.google.com/patents/US5417876
Tungmunnithum, D., Thongboonyou, A., Pholboon, A., & Yangsabai, A. (2018). Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: an overview. Medicines. 5(3), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030093
Veeru, P., Kishor, M. P., & Meenakshi, M. (2009). Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 3(8), 608-612.
Warra, A. A., Hassan, L. G., Gunu, S. Y., & Jega, S. A. (2011). Cold-process synthesis and properties of soaps prepared from different triacylglycerol sources. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 18, 315-321. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v18i2.64350
Warra, A., (2013). A report on soap in nigeria using indigenous technology and raw materials. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 7, 139-145. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC11.016
Yang, S., Li, S., & Yu, J. (2021). Effect of intermittent and persistent blue light irradiation on serum bilirubin in newborns with Jaundice. China Practical Medicine. 16(5), 81–83. https://doi.org/10.14163/j.cnki.11-5547/r.2021.05.029.
Yu, J. J., Manus, M. B., Mueller, O., Windsor, S. C., Horvath, J. E., & Nunn, C. L. (2018). Antibacterial soap use impacts skin microbial communities in rural Madagascar. PLOS ONE. 13(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199899
Zakaria, Z. A., Zaiton, H., Henie, E. F. P., Jais, A. M., & Zainuddin, E. N. (2007). In vitro antibacterial activity of Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves and fruits extracts. International Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2(3), 96-100.
Zehiroglu, C., & Ozturk Sarikaya, S. B. (2019). The importance of antioxidants and place in today’s scientific and technological ttudies. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 56(11), 4757–4774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03952-x
Zheng, S., Liu, S., Hou, A., Wang, S., Na, Y., Hu, J., Jiang, H., & Yang, L. (2022). Systematic review of lonicerae japonicae flos: A significant food and traditional Chinese medicine. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1013992