CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY PENETRATION AND ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES IN INDONESIA: A REVIEW

Abstract

Indonesia has significant renewable energy potential, but it is underutilized due to technical, economic, and integration constraints. This study looks at the challenges to solar and wind energy adoption and assesses the role of energy storage technologies in overcoming them. Photovoltaic (PV) and wind systems have fluctuation, grid instability, and reactive power control issues, whilst geothermal and hydro sources, while more reliable, still require additional grid services. This paper summarizes the technical and grid integration challenges of PV systems, emphasizing issues such as harmonic distortion, voltage instability, and high upfront costs. Potential options for energy storage include lithium-ion batteries, pumped hydropower, and compressed air. Each technology's distinguishing features, such as energy density, cost, and operating restrictions, are thoroughly evaluated. Despite their promise, hefty investment costs and limited deployment prevent widespread adoption. This article provides techniques for increasing renewable energy integration, such as hybrid power systems, better grid management, and sophisticated energy storage options. Future research should concentrate on microgrid optimization, cost-benefit modeling, and case study comparisons to help drive policy and infrastructure development. This comprehensive research emphasizes the importance of innovative ideas to help Indonesia achieve its energy transition and sustainable development goals.